In 1991, I had the wonderful privilege of attending the Episcopal Renewal Ministries(ERM) Leadership Training Institute (LTI) in Evergreen, Colorado. Since then, I and others encouraged Anglican Renewal Ministries Canada to endorse the LTI approach, reporting in the ARM Canada magazine with articles about our helpful LTI experiences. ARM Canada, through our LTI Director, Rev. Murray Henderson, has since run a number of very helpful Clergy and Lay LTIs across Canada, which have been well received and appreciated. Through listening to the tapes by Leanne Payne and Dr. Jeffrey Satinover from the 1995 Kelowna Prayer Conference, I came across some new data that challenged me to do some rethinking about the Jungian nature of the MBTI (Myers-Briggs Temperament Indicator) used in the current ARM Canada LTIs. Dr. Jeffrey Satinover’s critique of Jungianism came with unique credibility, given his background as an eminent Jungian scholar, analyst, and past President of the C.G. Jung Foundation. I began to do some reading on Carl Jung, and mailed each ARM Board member a copy of the two audio tapes by Payne and Satinover. The ARM Board at our April 1996 meeting took an initial look at the Jungian nature of the MBTI, and whether we should continue to use the MBTI in our LTIs. Our ARM Board agreed to do some investigating on this topic and report back with some information to discuss at the November 1996 ARM Board meeting.

Currently approximately two and a half million people are ‘initiated’ each year into the MBTI process. (1) According to Peter B. Myers, it is now the most extensively used personality instrument in history. (2) There is even a MBTI version for children, called the MMTIC (Murphy-Meisgeier Type Indicator for Children)(3), and a simplified adult MBTI-like tool for the general public, known as the Keirsey-Bates Indicator. A most helpful resource in analyzing the MBTI is the English Grove Booklet by Rev. Robert Innes, of St. John’s College, Durham, entitled Personality Indicators & the Spiritual Life. Innes focused on "the two indicators most widely used by Christian groups - Myers-Briggs and the Enneagram."(4) One of the key questions for the ARM Board to settle is whether the MBTI is an integral part of Jungian neo-gnosticism, or alternately, that it may be a detachable benevolent portion of Jung’s philosophy in an otherwise suspect context. To use a visual picture, is the MBTI the ‘marijuana’, the low-level entry drug that potentially opens the door to the more hard-core Jungian involvement, or is it just a harmless sugar tablet? To get at this question, I have broken my analysis down into smaller, more concrete questions.

1. Is the MBTI actually connected with Carl Jung?
The Rev. Canon Charles Fulton, President of ERM, commented in a June 17th, 1996 letter that "We have certainly had some concerns over the MBTI over the years and its Jungian nature". Rev. Fred Goodwin, Rector of National Ministries for ERM, commented in a September 18th, 1996 letter that "...we (ERM) no longer use the MBTI in our teachings...we’ve not included it in the last couple of years - believing that there are many other models and issues that need to be discussed with clergy and lay leaders." In Isabel Briggs-Myers’ book Introduction To Type (1983), she comments that the MBTI is "based on Jung’s theory of psychological types."(5) In the book People Types and Tiger Stripes written by Jungian practitioner Dr. Gordon Lawrence, he states that "The (MBTI) Indicator was developed specifically to carry Carl Jung’s theory of type (Jung, 1921, 1971) into practical application."(6) In the Grove Book on personality indicators, Robert Innes comments that "Carl Jung’s psychology lies behind...the MBTI".(7)

The Buros Mental Measurement YearBook (1989, 10th Edition) notes that the MBTI "...is a construct-oriented test that is inextricably linked with Jung’s (1923) theory of psychological types."(8) As to the evidence of validity, Buros characterizes the stability of type classification over time as "somewhat disappointing."(9) The Jungian/MBTI stance, as expressed by Dr. Gordon Lawrence, former President of the Association for Psychological Types, is that MBTI "types are a fact", not a theory.(10) After reviewing the statistical evidence relating to the MBTI, however, Dr. Paul Kline, Professor of Psychometrics at Exeter University, commented that "There has been no clear support for the 8-fold categorization, despite the popularity of the MBTI."(11) Mario Bergner, a colleague of Leanne Payne in Pastoral Care Ministries, observed in a July 2nd, 1996 letter that "of all the different types of psychological testing, forced choice tests (such as the MBTI) are considered the least valid." More specifically, Bergner noted that "the validity of the MBTI is at zero because the test is based on a Jungian understanding of the soul which cannot be measured for good or bad." The official MBTI view, as expressed by Dr. Gordon Lawrence, is that MBTI personality designations are "as unchangeable as the stripes on a tiger".(12) Bergner, in contrast, does not believe that all of humanity can be unchangeably boxed into 16 temperament types, and is concerned about cases where people are being rejected for job applications, because they don’t fit certain MBTI categories.

2. What is Carl Jung’s Relation to Neo-Gnosticism?
Carl Jung is described by Merill Berger, a Jungian psychologist, as "the psychologist of the 21st century".(13) Dr. Satinover says "Because of his great influence in propagating gnostic philosophy and morals in churches & synagogues, Jung deserves a closer look. The moral relativism that released upon us the sexual revolution is rooted in an outlook of which (Jung) is the most brilliant contemporary expositor."(14) One could say without overstatement that Carl Jung is the Father of Neo-Gnosticism & the New Age Movement. That is why Satinover comments that "One of the most powerful modern forms of Gnosticism is without question Jungian psychology, both within or without the Church".(15) Carl Jung "explicitly identified depth psychology, especially his own, as heir to the apostolic tradition, especially in what he considered its superior handling of the problem of evil."(16) Jung claimed that "In the ancient world, the Gnostics, whose arguments were very much influenced by psychic experience, tackled the problem of evil on a broader basis than the Church Fathers."(17) Dr. Satinover notes that "Whatever the system, and however the different stages are purportedly marked, the ultimate aim, the innermost circle of all Gnostic systems, is a mystical vision of the union of good and evil."(18)

Jung, says Satinover, "devoted most of his adult life to a study of alchemy; he also explicated both antique hermeticism and the ‘christian’ gnostics; his earliest writings were about spiritualism..."(19) In his autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections, Jung claimed: "The possibility of a comparison with alchemy, and the uninterrupted intellectual chain back to Gnosticism, gave substance to my psychology."(20) Most people are not aware that Jung collected one of the largest amassing of spiritualistic writings found on the European continent.(21) Dr. James Hillman, the former director for the Jungian Institute in Zurich, commented, "(Jung) wrote the first introduction to Zen Buddhism, he...brought in (Greek Mythology), the gods and the goddesses, the myths,...he was interested in astrology..."(22)

In 1929, Jung wrote a commentary on the Secret of the Golden Flower, which he said was "not only a Taoist text concerned with Chinese Yoga, but is also an alchemical treatise."(23) He comments that "...it was the text of the Golden Flower that first put me on the right track. For in medieval alchemy we have the long-sought connecting link between Gnosis (i.e. of the Gnostics) and the processes of the collective unconscious that can be observed in modern man..."(24) Dr. Richard Noll comments that "the divinatory methods of the I Ching, used often by Jung in the 1920s and 1930s, were a part of the initial training program of the C.G. Jung Institute of Zurich in 1948, and its use is widely advocated today in Jungian Analytic-Training Institutes throughout the world."(25)

During the hippie movement of the 1960’s, the Rock Opera Hair boldly proclaimed the alleged dawning of the Age of Aquarius. Once again Carl Jung foreshadowed this emphasis in a 1940 letter to his former assistant, Godwin Baynes: "1940 is the year when we approach the meridian of the first star in Aquarius. It is the premonitory earthquake of the New Age."(26) In Jung’s book Aion, he holds that "...the appearance of Christ coincided with the beginning of a new aeon, the age of the Fishes. A sychronicity exists between the life of Christ and the objective astronomical event, the entrance of the spring equinox into the sign of Pisces."(27) In a letter written by Jung to Sigmund Freud, he said: "My evenings are taken up very largely with astrology. I made horoscopic calculations in order to find a clue to the core of psychological truth...I dare say that we shall one day discover in astrology a good deal of knowledge which has been intuitively projected into the heavens." (28)

Jung’s family had occult linkage on both sides, from his paternal Grandfather’s Freemasonry involvement as Grandmaster of the Swiss Lodge(29), and his maternal family’s long-term involvement with seances and ghosts. John Kerr, author of A Most Dangerous Method, comments that Jung was heavily involved for many years with his mother and two female cousins in hypnotically induced seances. Jung eventually wrote up the seances as his medical dissertation.(30) Jung acquired a spirit guide and guru named ‘Philemon’[who was described by Jung as ‘an old man with the horns of a bull...and the wings of a fisher’]. Before being Philemon, this creature appeared to Jung as ‘Elijah’, and then finally mutated to ‘Ka’, an Egyptian earth-soul that ‘came from below’.(31) It may be worth reflecting upon why Jung designated his Bollingen Tower as the Shrine of Philemon.(32)

Carl Jung himself was the son of a Swiss Pastor caught in an intellectual faith crisis. When younger, he had a life-changing dream of a subterranean phallic god which reappeared "whenever anyone spoke too emphatically about Lord Jesus."(33) Jung commented that "...the ‘man-eater’ in general was symbolized by the phallus, so that the dark Lord Jesus, the Jesuit and the phallus were identical."(34) This "initiation into the realm of darkness"(35) radically shaped Jung’s approach to Jesus: "Lord Jesus never became quite real for me, never quite acceptable, never quite lovable, for again and again I would think of his underground counterpart...Lord Jesus seemed to me in some ways a god of death...Secretly, his love and kindness, which I always heard praised, appeared doubtful to me..."(36) The next major spiritual breakthrough in his life was what Jung described as a "blasphemous vision"(37) of God dropping his dung on the local Cathedral. This vision, said Jung, gave him an intense "experience of divine grace".(38)

3. How serious is the Jungian Reconciliation of Good and Evil?
Leanne Payne says of Dr. Jeffrey Satinover that "like (C.S.) Lewis, he knows that we can never reconcile (synthesize) good and evil, and this synthesis is the greatest threat facing not only Christendom but all mankind today."(39) Dr. Satinover sees the temptation facing our generation that"...on a theological plane, we succumb to the dangerous fantasy that Good and Evil will be reunited in a higher oneness."(40)

One of Jung’s key emphases was that the "dark side" of human nature needed to be "integrated" into a single, overarching "wholeness" in order to form a less strict and difficult definition of goodness.(41) "For Jung", says Satinover, "good and evil evolved into two equal, balanced, cosmic principles that belong together in one overarching synthesis. This relativization of good and evil by their reconciliation is the heart of the ancient doctrines of gnosticism, which also located spirituality, hence morality, within man himself. Hence ‘the union of opposites’."(42)

Jung believed that "the Christ-symbol lacks wholeness in the modern psychological sense, since it does not include the dark side of things..."(43) For Jung, it was regrettable that Christ in his goodness lacked a shadow side, and God the Father, who is the Light, lacked darkness.(44) He spoke of "...an archetype such as...the still pending answer to the Gnostic question as to the origin of evil, or, to put it another way, the incompleteness of the Christian God-image"(45) Jung sought a solution to this dilemma in the Holy Spirit who united the split in the moral opposites symbolized by Christ and Satan.(46) "Looked at from a quaternary standpoint", writes Jung, "the Holy Ghost is a reconciliation of opposites and hence the answer to the suffering in the Godhead which Christ personifies."(47) Thus for Jung, says John Dourley, the Spirit unites the exclusively spiritual reality of Christ with that which is identified with the devil, including ‘the dark world of nature-bound man’, the chthonic side of nature excluded by Christianity from the Christ image.(48) In a similar vein, Jung saw the alchemical figure of Mercurius as a compensation for the one-sideness of the symbol of Christ.(49) That is why Jung believed that "It is possible for a man to attain totality, to become whole, only with the co-operation of the spirit of darkness..."(50)

4. How Much Influence does Jungian Neo-Gnosticism have on the Church?
There are key individuals promoting the Jungian gospel to the Church, such as Morton Kelsey, John Sanford(not John & Paula Sandford), Thomas Moore, Joseph Campbell, and Bishop John Spong. Thomas Moore, a former Roman Catholic monk, is widely popular with a new generation of soul-seekers, through his best-seller: Care of the Soul. John Sanford, the son of the late Agnes Sanford, is an Episcopal Priest and Jungian analyst, with several books promoting the Jungian way. Morton Kelsey is another Episcopal Priest who has subtly woven the Jungian gospel through virtually every one of his books, specially those aimed for the Charismatic renewal constituency. Satinover describes Kelsey as having "made a career of such compromise", noting that Kelsey has now proceeded in his latest book Sacrament of Sexuality to approve of the normalization of homosexuality.(51)

Joseph Campbell, cited by Satinover as a disciple of Jung, is famous for his public TV series on "The Power of Myth".(52) Bishop John Spong, who has written two books (Resurrection: Myth or Reality & The Easter Moment) denying the physical resurrection of Jesus Christ, gives Joseph Campbell credit for shaping his views on Jesus’ resurrection. "I was touched by Campbell’s ability to seek the truth of myths while refusing to literalize the rational explanation of those myths...Campbell allowed me to appreciate such timeless themes as virgin births, incarnations, physical resurrections, and cosmic ascensions...Slowly, ever so slowly, but equally ever so surely, a separation began to occur for me between the experience captured for us Christians in the word Easter and the interpretation of that experience found in both the Christian Scriptures and the developing Christian traditions..."(53) Few people have realized that Bishop Spong’s spiritual grandfather is none other than Carl Jung.

"Jung’s direct and indirect impact on mainstream Christianity - and thus on Western culture," says Satinover, " has been incalculable. It is no exaggeration to say that the theological positions of most mainstream denominations in their approach to pastoral care, as well as in their doctrines and liturgy - have become more or less identical with Jung’s psychological/symbolic theology."(54) It is not just the more ‘liberal’ groups, however, that are embracing the Jungian/MBTI approach. In a good number of Evangelical theological colleges, the MBTI is being imposed upon the student body as a basic course requirement, despite the official Jungian stance that "The client has the choice of taking the MBTI or not. Even subtle pressure should be avoided (55)."

While in theological school, I became aware of the strong influence of Dr. Paul Tillich on many modern clergy. In recently reading C.G. Jung & Paul Tillich [written by John Dourley, a Jungian analyst & Roman priest from Ottawa], I came to realize that Tillich and Jung are ‘theological twins’. In a tribute given at a Memorial for Jung’s death, Tillich gave to Jung’s thought the status of an ontology because its depth and universality constituted a ‘doctrine of being’(56) It turns out that Tillich is heavily in debt in Jung for his view of God as the supposed "Ground of Being". As well, both Tillich and Jung, says Dourley, "understand the self to be that centering force within the psyche which brings together the opposites or polarities, whose dynamic interplay makes up life itself."(57) As a Jungian popularizer, Tillich saw life as "made up of the flow of energy between opposing poles or opposites."(58)

So many current theological emphases in today’s church can be traced directly back to Carl Jung. For example, with the loss of confidence in the Missionary imperative, many mainline church administrators today sound remarkably like Jung when he said: "What we from our point of view call colonization, missions to the heathen, spread of civilization, etc, has another face - the face of a bird of prey seeking with cruel intentness for distant quarry - a face worthy of a race of pirates and highwaymen."(59) In speaking of Buddhism and Christianity, Jung taught the now familiar inter-faith dialogue line, that "Both paths are right."(60) Jung spoke of Jesus, Mani, Buddha, and Lao-Tse as ‘pillars of the spirit’, saying "I could give none preference over the other."(61) The English Theologian Don Cupitt says that Jung pioneered the multi-faith approach now widespread in the Church.(62)

For those of us who wonder why some Anglicans are mistakenly calling themselves "co-creators with God", the theological roots can again be traced back to Jung: "...man is indispensable for the completion of creation; that, in fact, he himself is the 2nd creator of the world, who alone has given to the world its objective existence..."(63) In light of our current Canadian controversies around "Mother Goddess" hymnbooks, it is interesting to read in the MBTI source book, Psychological Types( Carl Jung, 1921) about the "Gnostic prototype, viz, Sophia, an immensely significant symbol for the Gnosis."(64) Carl Jung is indeed the Grandfather of much of our current theology.

5. What is the connection between ‘Archetypes’, the Unconscious and the MBTI?
Keirsey and Bates are strong MBTI supporters who have identified the link between the MBTI